Sound and instruments
Duration
Note values
Semibreve (4 beats)
Minim (2)
Crotchet (1)
Quaver (1/2)
Semiquaver (1/4)
Pause
Every note value has a matching rest
The same duration as the sound
Signs that lengthen notes
Augmentation dot (+ half the value)
Tie
Corona
Kodály method
TA = crotchet
TI-TI = two quavers
TI-RI-TI-RI = semiquavers
Earliest civilisations
Mesopotamia
Lyre of Ur (golden bull's head)
Harps and reed flutes
Hurrian hymn to Nikkal (~1400 BC)
The oldest known musical notation
Egitto
Arched harp
Double aulos (flute with 2 pipes)
Sistrum (rattle sacred to Hathor)
Lute and tambourine
Ancient Greece
Lyre (Apollo)
Kithara (concerts)
Aulos (Dioniso)
Pitagora: discovery of mathematical relationships between notes
Epitaffio di Sicilo (1st century AD)
The oldest composition to survive in its entirety
Ancient Rome
Tibia (Roman aulos)
Cornu and buccina (military horns)
Hydraulis (water organ)
China & India
Guqin, pipa (China)
Vina (India)
Pentatonic scale
Middle Ages (5th–15th centuries)
Sacred music
Guido d'Arezzo: four-line staff + note names
Secular music
Trouvères (northern France)
Minnesänger (Germany)
Travelling entertainers and minstrels (Italy)
Strumenti
Lute, vielle, rebec, psaltery
Recorder, bagpipes
Portative organ
Drums, bells
Topic outlines
01
Sound and its properties
02
Notes and the stave
03
Duration
Duration
Note values
Semibreve (4 beats)
Minim (2)
Crotchet (1)
Quaver (1/2)
Semiquaver (1/4)
Pause
Every note value has a matching rest
The same duration as the sound
Signs that lengthen notes
Augmentation dot (+ half the value)
Tie
Corona
Kodály method
TA = crotchet
TI-TI = two quavers
TI-RI-TI-RI = semiquavers
04
Voices: classification in opera and pop
05
Classification of instruments (Hornbostel-Sachs)
06
Music in the earliest civilisations
Earliest civilisations
Mesopotamia
Lyre of Ur (golden bull's head)
Harps and reed flutes
Hurrian hymn to Nikkal (~1400 BC)
The oldest known musical notation
Egitto
Arched harp
Double aulos (flute with 2 pipes)
Sistrum (rattle sacred to Hathor)
Lute and tambourine
Ancient Greece
Lyre (Apollo)
Kithara (concerts)
Aulos (Dioniso)
Pitagora: discovery of mathematical relationships between notes
Epitaffio di Sicilo (1st century AD)
The oldest composition to survive in its entirety
Ancient Rome
Tibia (Roman aulos)
Cornu and buccina (military horns)
Hydraulis (water organ)
China & India
Guqin, pipa (China)
Vina (India)
Pentatonic scale
07
Music in the Middle Ages
Middle Ages (5th–15th centuries)
Sacred music
Guido d'Arezzo: four-line staff + note names
Secular music
Trouvères (northern France)
Minnesänger (Germany)
Travelling entertainers and minstrels (Italy)
Strumenti
Lute, vielle, rebec, psaltery
Recorder, bagpipes
Portative organ
Drums, bells