3

Middle school · Year 3

20th-century music
The Belle Époque
Background (1880-1914)
Progress and inventions
Paris as the capital
Phonograph and gramophone
Francia
Debussy — Impressionism
Ravel
Satie
Cabaret and can-can
Italia
Puccini
Verismo (Mascagni, Leoncavallo)
Neapolitan song
Dancing and entertainment
Viennese waltz
Operetta
Ragtime and cakewalk
The Avant-Garde Movements
Impressionismo
Debussy
Ravel
Timbres and tone colours
Expressionism and twelve-tone music
Schönberg
Berg, Webern
A row of 12 notes
Rhythm and primitivism
Stravinsky — Sagra
Bartók and folk traditions
Futurismo
Russolo
Intonarumori
Elettronica
Musique concrète (Schaeffer)
Cologne studio (Stockhausen)
RAI Studio di Fonologia
Sperimentazione
Cage — 4'33"
Chance and silence
Tone clusters (Penderecki, Ligeti)
Jazz
African American roots
Work song — Pick a bale of cotton

Work song, call & response

Spiritual — Go Down Moses

A cappella religious song

Gospel — Oh Happy Day

Gospel with instruments

Blues (from 1865)
Ragtime (late 1800s)
New Orleans / Dixieland (1910-20)
Cool, Free, Fusion (from the 1950s)
Rock & Pop
1950s — Rock'n'roll
1960s — Beat & psychedelia
1990s — Grunge, Britpop, rap
2000–present — Digital pop, trap, K-pop
Italy — Singer-songwriters & pop
Pioneers & melodic singers (1950s–1960s)
Domenico Modugno

From Puglia, he revolutionizes Sanremo in 1958 with 'Volare': taking melodic Italian song to the whole world.

Mina

The 'Tigress of Cremona': a voice with an enormous range, the queen of Italian pop since the 1960s.

Adriano Celentano

Known as 'Il Molleggiato' for his springy movements, he brings rock'n'roll to Italy and becomes an icon of pop, film and TV.

Ornella Vanoni — Senza fine (1961)

A voice of the Italian singer-songwriter tradition

Luigi Tenco

A singer-songwriter of the Genoese school, with a deep voice and melancholy lyrics; he dies in Sanremo in 1967.

Bruno Lauzi — Ritornerai (1963)

Genoese school of songwriting

The golden age of singer-songwriters (1970s)
Fabrizio De André

The 'poet' of Italian song: he gives a voice to society's outsiders through literary lyrics and ballads.

Lucio Battisti

With lyricist Mogol, he creates Italian singer-songwriter pop: unforgettable melodies and original lyrics.

Lucio Dalla

A singer-songwriter from Bologna, jazz musician and poet: his work ranges from pop to sweeping portraits of history.

Francesco De Gregori

The 'Prince' of the Roman school of songwriting: storytelling songs with sophisticated lyrics open to different interpretations.

Francesco Guccini

A singer-songwriter from Modena in Emilia: folk ballads with powerful storytelling and a strong commitment to social issues.

Giorgio Gaber

He invents 'song-theater': monologues and songs in which he reflects on politics and society.

Paolo Conte

A lawyer and jazz pianist: swing moods, a gravelly voice and cinematic lyrics.

Italian pop & rock (1980s–1990s)
Vasco Rossi

From Zocca: with a raspy voice and direct lyrics, he is the symbol of Italian rock.

Pino Daniele

From Naples: he mixes blues, jazz, fusion and Neapolitan tradition in a language all his own.

Mango — Oro (1986)

Sophisticated pop

Zucchero

'Sugar' Fornaciari brings blues, soul and gospel to Italy through international collaborations.

Enrico Ruggeri — Mistero (1993)

Singer-songwriter rock

Jovanotti

Lorenzo Cherubini: from his beginnings in rap to upbeat pop that blends genres and addresses social issues.

Indie & new singer-songwriters (2000s)
Niccolò Fabi — Tranquillo (1997)

Introspective singer-songwriter

Elisa

From Friuli: with a crystal-clear voice, she writes in English and Italian, blending pop and electronic music.

Carmen Consoli — L'ultimo bacio (2001)

The singer-songwriter from Catania known as the 'Cantantessa'

Marco Mengoni

A powerful voice in contemporary Italian pop: two Sanremo wins (2013, 2023).

Today's pop, rap & trap (2015–present)
Måneskin

A band from Rome: from rock on X Factor to victory at Eurovision 2021, they bring Italian rock to the world.

Ghali — Cara Italia (2018)

Rap by second-generation immigrants

Lazza — Cenere (2023)

Piano-based trap-pop

Angelina Mango

Daughter of Mango and Laura Valente: she wins Sanremo 2024 with a song that blends cumbia and pop.

Pop and Song
Structure
Intro
Strofa
Chorus (hook)
Bridge and ending
Produzione
Studio and mixing
Videoclip
Streaming and social media
Protagonisti
M. Jackson, Madonna
Whitney, Mariah, Prince
Beyonce, Adele, Sheeran
Billie Eilish, K-pop
Tecnologia
Sintetizzatori
Drum machine and sampler
Auto-Tune
Italian song
The origins
Opera and melody
Neapolitan song
Sanremo 1958 — Modugno
The 1960s
Mina, Celentano
Genoese school: Paoli, Tenco, Lauzi, De André
The 1970s
Battisti and Mogol
Dalla, De Gregori, Guccini
Venditti, Bennato, Pino Daniele
The 1980s–1990s
Vasco, Ligabue
Zucchero, Ramazzotti, Pausini
Jovanotti — Italian rap
Oggi
Mengoni, Elisa, Cremonini
Ghali, Lazza — rap and trap
Måneskin, Angelina Mango
Songs and messages
Pace
Imagine
La guerra di Piero
Il mio nome è mai più
Protest and rights
Dylan, Joan Baez
Bob Marley
Bella ciao
Solidarity
Live Aid 1985
We Are the World
Ambiente
Earth Song
Big Yellow Taxi
How to analyse
Lyrics
Historical context
Musical choices
Music and gender equality
Compositrici
Hildegard von Bingen
Barbara Strozzi
Fanny Mendelssohn
Clara Schumann
Voices of the 20th century
Bessie Smith, Billie Holiday
Ella Fitzgerald, Aretha Franklin
Miriam Makeba
In Italy
Mina, Milva
Loredana Bertè
Carmen Consoli, Elisa
Stereotipi
Few women conductors
Lyrics to read critically
Artists beyond barriers
Udito
Beethoven
Evelyn Glennie
Vista
Ray Charles
Stevie Wonder
Andrea Bocelli
Mobility and illness
Django Reinhardt
Itzhak Perlman
Ezio Bosso
Rick Allen
Inclusion today
Inclusive orchestras
Adapted instruments
Musicoterapia
Musical Theatre
What it is
Acting + singing + dancing
Broadway and West End
Amplified voice
Structure
Song
Dance numbers
Dialoghi
Ensemble finale
Tappe
Show Boat 1927
West Side Story 1957
Rock operas: Hair, JC Superstar
Lloyd Webber: Cats, Phantom
Hamilton
In Italy
Notre-Dame de Paris
Aggiungi un posto a tavola
At the cinema
Cantando sotto la pioggia
Grease
La La Land
Disney
Music of the world
Sub-Saharan Africa
Polyrhythm — percussion

Several overlapping rhythms

Kora — Toumani Diabaté

Harp-lute from Mali

Djembe — solo

Goblet drum

Balafon — xylophone

Xylophone with gourds

India
Bollywood music

Indian film pop music

Latin America
Samba — Brazil

Rio Carnival

Tango — Piazzolla Libertango

Argentina, bandoneon

Andean music — El Cóndor Pasa

Peru, quena and charango

Mariachi — Mexico

Mexico, trumpets and guitars

The Arab world
Oud — Arab lute

Short-necked lute

Qanun — zither

Plucked zither

Ney — flute

Reed flute

Umm Kulthum — Enta Omri

Egypt's legendary voice

The Far East
China — erhu

Two-stringed fiddle

China — pipa

Chinese lute

Japan — koto

Japanese zither

Japan — shakuhachi

Zen bamboo flute

Indonesia — gamelan

Gong orchestra

European folk music
World music
What it is
Tradition + pop/rock/jazz
Term coined in 1987
WOMAD festival
Africa
Afrobeat — Fela Kuti
Youssou N'Dour
Ladysmith Black Mambazo
The Caribbean and Latin America
Reggae — Bob Marley
Cuban son
Tango and bossa nova
The Mediterranean and Asia
Raï
Bhangra
K-pop
Italia
Notte della Taranta
Eugenio Bennato
Capossela
Film music
Funzioni
Atmosfera
Emozioni
Leitmotiv
The rhythm of editing
Types of music
Diegetica
Extradiegetica
Compositori
Morricone
Nino Rota
John Williams
Hans Zimmer
Piovani
Beyond cinema
TV series
Videoclip
Video games (adaptive music)
Advertising
Strumenti
Jingle
Sound logo
Borrowed song
Storia
Carosello (1957-1977)
Adverts by noted composers (Morricone)
How it works
Tempo
Timbro
Major/minor mode
Effetti
Remembering the brand
Emotion transferred to the product
Electronic music
Origini
Fonografo
Futurism and intonarumori
Theremin
The schools
Musique concrète (Paris, Schaeffer)
Pure electronic music (Cologne, Stockhausen)
RAI Studio di Fonologia
Sintetizzatori
Robert Moog
Wendy Carlos
Kraftwerk
Digitale
MIDI 1983
Computer music
Sampling and loops
Club
House (Chicago)
Techno (Detroit)
The DJ as musician
Music and Citizenship Education
Ambiente
Il ragazzo della via Gluck
Big Yellow Taxi
Earth Song
Earth (Lil Dicky)
Diritti
Spirituals and civil rights
Blowin' in the Wind
Get Up, Stand Up
Respect
Peace and remembrance
La guerra di Piero
Imagine
Songs of the Resistance
Active citizenship
Listening critically to lyrics
Copyright
Making music together
Art. 9 of the Constitution
Dance music
Origini
Funk, soul, R&B, Latin
Discothèque and the first DJs
Loft, Studio 54, Paradise Garage
What it sounds like
4/4 beat
120-140 BPM
Strong bass line and hi-hat
Loops, synths, samples
Timeline
1970s: disco
1980s: dance and samplers
1990s: house, techno, eurodance
2000-today: EDM
Iconic artists
Donna Summer
Chic
Giorgio Moroder
Michael Jackson
Valori
Inclusion and diversity
Rispetto
Having fun safely

Topic outlines

01

The Belle Époque

The Belle Époque
Background (1880-1914)
Progress and inventions
Paris as the capital
Phonograph and gramophone
Francia
Debussy — Impressionism
Ravel
Satie
Cabaret and can-can
Italia
Puccini
Verismo (Mascagni, Leoncavallo)
Neapolitan song
Dancing and entertainment
Viennese waltz
Operetta
Ragtime and cakewalk
02

The Avant-Garde Movements

The Avant-Garde Movements
Impressionismo
Debussy
Ravel
Timbres and tone colours
Expressionism and twelve-tone music
Schönberg
Berg, Webern
A row of 12 notes
Rhythm and primitivism
Stravinsky — Sagra
Bartók and folk traditions
Futurismo
Russolo
Intonarumori
Elettronica
Musique concrète (Schaeffer)
Cologne studio (Stockhausen)
RAI Studio di Fonologia
Sperimentazione
Cage — 4'33"
Chance and silence
Tone clusters (Penderecki, Ligeti)
03

Jazz

Jazz
African American roots
Work song — Pick a bale of cotton

Work song, call & response

Spiritual — Go Down Moses

A cappella religious song

Gospel — Oh Happy Day

Gospel with instruments

Blues (from 1865)
Ragtime (late 1800s)
New Orleans / Dixieland (1910-20)
Cool, Free, Fusion (from the 1950s)
Quiz on Jazz
10 questions selected at random from a bank of 22.

1.What does call-and-response mean in work songs?

2.How are the notes arranged in twelve-tone music?

3.How does Debussy's music evoke images?

4.Which meeting of cultures gave rise to jazz?

5.What is a work song?

6.The typical blues structure is…

7.Which piano style, featuring syncopation and Scott Joplin among its composers, came before jazz itself?

8.The big-band style of the 1930s-1940s, with a steady rhythm for dancing, is called:

9.Bebop, which emerged in the 1940s, is characterized by:

10.Which trumpeter and singer is an icon of New Orleans jazz?

You have answered 0 / 10 questions.

04

Rock

Rock & Pop
1950s — Rock'n'roll
1960s — Beat & psychedelia
1990s — Grunge, Britpop, rap
2000–present — Digital pop, trap, K-pop
Italy — Singer-songwriters & pop
Pioneers & melodic singers (1950s–1960s)
Domenico Modugno

From Puglia, he revolutionizes Sanremo in 1958 with 'Volare': taking melodic Italian song to the whole world.

Mina

The 'Tigress of Cremona': a voice with an enormous range, the queen of Italian pop since the 1960s.

Adriano Celentano

Known as 'Il Molleggiato' for his springy movements, he brings rock'n'roll to Italy and becomes an icon of pop, film and TV.

Ornella Vanoni — Senza fine (1961)

A voice of the Italian singer-songwriter tradition

Luigi Tenco

A singer-songwriter of the Genoese school, with a deep voice and melancholy lyrics; he dies in Sanremo in 1967.

Bruno Lauzi — Ritornerai (1963)

Genoese school of songwriting

The golden age of singer-songwriters (1970s)
Fabrizio De André

The 'poet' of Italian song: he gives a voice to society's outsiders through literary lyrics and ballads.

Lucio Battisti

With lyricist Mogol, he creates Italian singer-songwriter pop: unforgettable melodies and original lyrics.

Lucio Dalla

A singer-songwriter from Bologna, jazz musician and poet: his work ranges from pop to sweeping portraits of history.

Francesco De Gregori

The 'Prince' of the Roman school of songwriting: storytelling songs with sophisticated lyrics open to different interpretations.

Francesco Guccini

A singer-songwriter from Modena in Emilia: folk ballads with powerful storytelling and a strong commitment to social issues.

Giorgio Gaber

He invents 'song-theater': monologues and songs in which he reflects on politics and society.

Paolo Conte

A lawyer and jazz pianist: swing moods, a gravelly voice and cinematic lyrics.

Italian pop & rock (1980s–1990s)
Vasco Rossi

From Zocca: with a raspy voice and direct lyrics, he is the symbol of Italian rock.

Pino Daniele

From Naples: he mixes blues, jazz, fusion and Neapolitan tradition in a language all his own.

Mango — Oro (1986)

Sophisticated pop

Zucchero

'Sugar' Fornaciari brings blues, soul and gospel to Italy through international collaborations.

Enrico Ruggeri — Mistero (1993)

Singer-songwriter rock

Jovanotti

Lorenzo Cherubini: from his beginnings in rap to upbeat pop that blends genres and addresses social issues.

Indie & new singer-songwriters (2000s)
Niccolò Fabi — Tranquillo (1997)

Introspective singer-songwriter

Elisa

From Friuli: with a crystal-clear voice, she writes in English and Italian, blending pop and electronic music.

Carmen Consoli — L'ultimo bacio (2001)

The singer-songwriter from Catania known as the 'Cantantessa'

Marco Mengoni

A powerful voice in contemporary Italian pop: two Sanremo wins (2013, 2023).

Today's pop, rap & trap (2015–present)
Måneskin

A band from Rome: from rock on X Factor to victory at Eurovision 2021, they bring Italian rock to the world.

Ghali — Cara Italia (2018)

Rap by second-generation immigrants

Lazza — Cenere (2023)

Piano-based trap-pop

Angelina Mango

Daughter of Mango and Laura Valente: she wins Sanremo 2024 with a song that blends cumbia and pop.

Quiz on Rock
10 questions selected at random from a bank of 21.

1.Which musical styles came together to create rock ’n’ roll in the 1950s?

2.Who is considered 'the king of rock'n'roll' in the 1950s?

3.The Beatles are a band from:

4.Which musical movement do Led Zeppelin, Deep Purple and Black Sabbath belong to?

5.The punk movement of the mid-1970s is represented by:

6.Which Queen song is famous for its free-form, operatic structure?

7.In the 1990s, grunge took off with an iconic Nirvana song. Which one?

8.K-pop is a pop genre that originated:

9.Which of these is an Italian singer-songwriter?

10.Rock'n'roll emerged from the meeting of:

You have answered 0 / 10 questions.

05

Pop and Song

Pop and Song
Structure
Intro
Strofa
Chorus (hook)
Bridge and ending
Produzione
Studio and mixing
Videoclip
Streaming and social media
Protagonisti
M. Jackson, Madonna
Whitney, Mariah, Prince
Beyonce, Adele, Sheeran
Billie Eilish, K-pop
Tecnologia
Sintetizzatori
Drum machine and sampler
Auto-Tune
06

Italian song

Italian song
The origins
Opera and melody
Neapolitan song
Sanremo 1958 — Modugno
The 1960s
Mina, Celentano
Genoese school: Paoli, Tenco, Lauzi, De André
The 1970s
Battisti and Mogol
Dalla, De Gregori, Guccini
Venditti, Bennato, Pino Daniele
The 1980s–1990s
Vasco, Ligabue
Zucchero, Ramazzotti, Pausini
Jovanotti — Italian rap
Oggi
Mengoni, Elisa, Cremonini
Ghali, Lazza — rap and trap
Måneskin, Angelina Mango
07

Songs and messages

Songs and messages
Pace
Imagine
La guerra di Piero
Il mio nome è mai più
Protest and rights
Dylan, Joan Baez
Bob Marley
Bella ciao
Solidarity
Live Aid 1985
We Are the World
Ambiente
Earth Song
Big Yellow Taxi
How to analyse
Lyrics
Historical context
Musical choices
08

Music and gender equality

Music and gender equality
Compositrici
Hildegard von Bingen
Barbara Strozzi
Fanny Mendelssohn
Clara Schumann
Voices of the 20th century
Bessie Smith, Billie Holiday
Ella Fitzgerald, Aretha Franklin
Miriam Makeba
In Italy
Mina, Milva
Loredana Bertè
Carmen Consoli, Elisa
Stereotipi
Few women conductors
Lyrics to read critically
09

Artists beyond barriers

Artists beyond barriers
Udito
Beethoven
Evelyn Glennie
Vista
Ray Charles
Stevie Wonder
Andrea Bocelli
Mobility and illness
Django Reinhardt
Itzhak Perlman
Ezio Bosso
Rick Allen
Inclusion today
Inclusive orchestras
Adapted instruments
Musicoterapia
10

Musical Theatre

Musical Theatre
What it is
Acting + singing + dancing
Broadway and West End
Amplified voice
Structure
Song
Dance numbers
Dialoghi
Ensemble finale
Tappe
Show Boat 1927
West Side Story 1957
Rock operas: Hair, JC Superstar
Lloyd Webber: Cats, Phantom
Hamilton
In Italy
Notre-Dame de Paris
Aggiungi un posto a tavola
At the cinema
Cantando sotto la pioggia
Grease
La La Land
Disney
11

World music

Music of the world
Sub-Saharan Africa
Polyrhythm — percussion

Several overlapping rhythms

Kora — Toumani Diabaté

Harp-lute from Mali

Djembe — solo

Goblet drum

Balafon — xylophone

Xylophone with gourds

India
Bollywood music

Indian film pop music

Latin America
Samba — Brazil

Rio Carnival

Tango — Piazzolla Libertango

Argentina, bandoneon

Andean music — El Cóndor Pasa

Peru, quena and charango

Mariachi — Mexico

Mexico, trumpets and guitars

The Arab world
Oud — Arab lute

Short-necked lute

Qanun — zither

Plucked zither

Ney — flute

Reed flute

Umm Kulthum — Enta Omri

Egypt's legendary voice

The Far East
China — erhu

Two-stringed fiddle

China — pipa

Chinese lute

Japan — koto

Japanese zither

Japan — shakuhachi

Zen bamboo flute

Indonesia — gamelan

Gong orchestra

European folk music
Quiz on World music
10 questions selected at random from a bank of 26.

1.How are folk music traditions often passed on?

2.What role do songs play in a musical?

3.How does percussionist Evelyn Glennie perceive sound?

4.What does gender equality promote in the music world?

5.To understand a song's message, what do you compare?

6.Which group includes singer-songwriters from the Genoese school?

7.Which section often contains the most memorable hook in a pop song?

8.What is polyrhythm, a typical feature of African music?

9.The kora is a traditional instrument from which geographical area?

10.In Indian classical music, a 'raga' is:

You have answered 0 / 10 questions.

12

World music

World music
What it is
Tradition + pop/rock/jazz
Term coined in 1987
WOMAD festival
Africa
Afrobeat — Fela Kuti
Youssou N'Dour
Ladysmith Black Mambazo
The Caribbean and Latin America
Reggae — Bob Marley
Cuban son
Tango and bossa nova
The Mediterranean and Asia
Raï
Bhangra
K-pop
Italia
Notte della Taranta
Eugenio Bennato
Capossela
13

Film music

Film music
Funzioni
Atmosfera
Emozioni
Leitmotiv
The rhythm of editing
Types of music
Diegetica
Extradiegetica
Compositori
Morricone
Nino Rota
John Williams
Hans Zimmer
Piovani
Beyond cinema
TV series
Videoclip
Video games (adaptive music)
14

Advertising

Advertising
Strumenti
Jingle
Sound logo
Borrowed song
Storia
Carosello (1957-1977)
Adverts by noted composers (Morricone)
How it works
Tempo
Timbro
Major/minor mode
Effetti
Remembering the brand
Emotion transferred to the product
15

Electronic music

Electronic music
Origini
Fonografo
Futurism and intonarumori
Theremin
The schools
Musique concrète (Paris, Schaeffer)
Pure electronic music (Cologne, Stockhausen)
RAI Studio di Fonologia
Sintetizzatori
Robert Moog
Wendy Carlos
Kraftwerk
Digitale
MIDI 1983
Computer music
Sampling and loops
Club
House (Chicago)
Techno (Detroit)
The DJ as musician
16

Music and Citizenship Education

Music and Citizenship Education
Ambiente
Il ragazzo della via Gluck
Big Yellow Taxi
Earth Song
Earth (Lil Dicky)
Diritti
Spirituals and civil rights
Blowin' in the Wind
Get Up, Stand Up
Respect
Peace and remembrance
La guerra di Piero
Imagine
Songs of the Resistance
Active citizenship
Listening critically to lyrics
Copyright
Making music together
Art. 9 of the Constitution
17

Dance music and nightclubs

Dance music
Origini
Funk, soul, R&B, Latin
Discothèque and the first DJs
Loft, Studio 54, Paradise Garage
What it sounds like
4/4 beat
120-140 BPM
Strong bass line and hi-hat
Loops, synths, samples
Timeline
1970s: disco
1980s: dance and samplers
1990s: house, techno, eurodance
2000-today: EDM
Iconic artists
Donna Summer
Chic
Giorgio Moroder
Michael Jackson
Valori
Inclusion and diversity
Rispetto
Having fun safely